Managing and Reforesting Degraded Post-Mining Landscape in Indonesia: A Review
نویسندگان
چکیده
Tropical forests are among the most diverse ecosystems in world, completed by huge biodiversity. An expansion natural resource extraction through open-pit mining activities leads to increasing land and tropical forest degradation. Proper science-based practices needed as an effort reclaim their function. This paper summarizes existing practice of coal mining, covering regulatory aspects reclamation obligations, from various sites with different characteristics, efforts post-mining landscapes Indonesia. The regulations issued accommodate difference between inside area outside area, especially aspect permit authority evaluating success rate reclamation. In coal-mining practices, this describes starting clearing followed storing soil layers overburden materials. step, proper handling potentially acid-forming materials is crucial prevent acid mine drainage. At stage, sequentially presents research results field applications rearranging materials, controlling drainage erosion, managing system, settling ponds, pit lakes. Many post-coal-mining lands have been reported highlighted. Several stories describe that can be returned provide ecosystem services goods. A set best management for post-coal-mine reforestation develop promote restoration planting high-value hardwood trees, trees’ survival rates growth, accelerating establishment habitat application tree technique. monitoring evaluation also crucial, corrective action may taken considering site characteristics.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Land
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['2073-445X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land10060658